Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a popular technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their inherent resistance to fouling, chemical resistance,

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have exhibited robust performance in wastewater treatment applications. PVDF membranes, highly regarded for their durability, are commonly employed in MBR systems. This article presents the performance evaluation of PVDF membranes in an MBR system, concentrating on key fa